Hippuric acid is converted from dietary polyphenols by the gut microbiome into benzoic acid, which is further converted to hippuric acid by glycine-N-acyltransferase in the liver or kidneys (96)
Overall, while LC derivatives, notably ALC, show promise in lowering TMAO production and modifying gut microbiota composition, additional studies are needed to completely understand their effects
91-94 A trial in 89 women with PCOS and insulin resistance found that berberine, in combination with hormone treatment, improved lipid profiles and SHBG levels, as well as glucose metabolism and waist circumference compared with combinations of either metformin or placebo and the same hormone treatment
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