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Although the insulinotropic activity of GLP-1 was identified over 30 years ago, the short half-life of native GLP-1 (approximately 2 min)attributed to rapid enzymatic degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-IVimpeded its early therapeutic application in T2DM (111)

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FIGURE 2 GLP-1 Regulates ABCA1 Expression Through AMPK-Dependent Inhibition on PARP1 Activity Through the use of NAD+ as a substrate, a PARylation process takes place, during which PARP1 synthesizes PAR, cellular NAD+ and ATP are depleted, and transcription factors such as NF-B are activated (Oliver et al., 1999